(Critical Illness for Evaluation and Care in Emergency Room) Shin-Yurigaoka General Hospital
Emergency Center
Toshitaka Ito, Takaaki Nakano CIECER 0 CIECER
Principles of this course: recognize the necessity of resuscitation
recognize and act on the Emergen“C” / Emergen“CNS”
assess the patient’s anatomic status after taking the patient history
CIECER 2
What is resuscitation in the ER setting? CIECER 4 To prevent death!
To relieve psychologic distress
Resuscitation ≒ First aid <What is resuscitation?>
Restoring life to an acutely ill patient with cardiopulmonary arrest that is caused by disease, injury, foreign body airway obstruction, etc.
Recovery from asphyxiation
CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation
HyperthermiaHypothermia CIECER 6 Heat dissipation
External cooling by air and
massive transfusion
Impaired heat production due to shock Hypothermia Coagulopathy and failure of compensatory mechanisms in the coagulation pathway Body Temperature Measurement and Care Heat Stroke DIC
CIECER 10 Primary survey
(PS) ・Sudden chest and/or back pain
・Sudden abdominal and/or back
pain and shock Secondary Survey
(SS) A C ECG, Echocardiography (or HIMAP)
Chest and abdomen CT at the start of SS
Measurement of cardiac enzymes(CK-MB, troponin)and D-dimer Emergen”C” ABC Stabilization
(resuscitation) B D E
CIECER 11 Primary Survey
(PS) GCS≦8
More than 2-pt decrease in GCS
Signs of brain herniation: anisocoria, Cushing phenomenon
Sudden hemiplegia
Sudden headache
Cramps D Confirm ABC stabilization(including airway management)
Evaluate blood glucose and continue administration of anti-epileptic drugs
Head CT at the start of SS A B C E Emergen“ CNS” Secondary Survey
(SS) ABC Stabilization
(resuscitation)
Information that can be obtained from EMS in Japan: Age & sex
Chief complaint
Uncomplicated physical symptoms
Vital signs and consciousness level
(It is not necessary in the case of an emergency / patient is in a calm state)
The necessity of “load and go”
Arrival time CIECER 13
Firstly Available Information: (Version for Trauma) M:Mechanism
Mechanism of injury
I:Injury
Localization of injury
S:Signs
Signs of shock
Necessity of “load and go”
T:Treatment
Treatment that has been initiated
Estimated arrival time
CIECER 14 M I S T
Involves deceased passengers
Ejection from vehicle
Run over by car
Victim(s) 5m from vehicle
Severe vehicle crash
Over 20 mins to arrive at crash site
Vehicle rollover
Large distance between bicycle-pedestrian
Motor vehicle collision involving pedestrian(s)
Machine injury / accident
Crush injury of torso
High-level fall injury CIECER 16 What is“ IntrinsicLoad and Go”?
Mechanisms of High-Risk injury
What is“ Intrinsicload and go” Abnormal ABCD Severe facial injury
Jugular vein distention, tracheal deviation, subcutaneous emphysema of neck or chest
flail chest, left-right differences in breathing sounds, open pneumothorax
Abdominal distention, muscle guarding
pelvic fracture deformity, bleeding, swelling in both thighs,
tetraplegia, dismemberment with shock
penetration injury of the head / neck, trunk, inguinal region
facial or tracheal burns with airway obstruction
CIECER 17
Information from EMS and the time of arrive must be shared with... Information must be shared with the nurse receptionist and nurse leader.
Order a blood test if necessary
Proceed with standard precautions
Decide which department the patient will be admitted CIECER 18
Arrival of EMS Wait for the ambulance at the entrance of the ED.
Give a precautionary knock on the rear door before opening the ambulance door. CIECER 19
First Impression Rapid evaluation of the ABCDE.
2 or more functional abnormalities may indicate severe illness / injury.
Report the findings to relevant staff! CIECER 20
CIECER 21 Primary Survey & Resuscitation Aim: rapid evaluation of physiologic function and supportive care First Impression Detailed
ABCDE approach Administration of 100% oxygen 10~15L/min with monitoring, if necessary.
Airway Evaluation,Securing the Airway: Observation
speech, physical findings(see, listen, feel/touch)
Apparatus for securing the airway
Apnea, signs of upper airway obstruction, decreasing level of consciousness
Securing the airway
Mandibular fist method, suction, removal of foreign body
Tracheal intubation, cricothyrotomy CIECER 23 A
Abnormal Speaking difficulties
Dyspnea
Wheezing during inspiration
Signs of distress (tears, pallor, anguish)
Muffled voice
Orthopnea
Expiration with remarkable force
Retractive breathing
CIECER 24 A
Circulatory Evaluation, Resuscitation, and Hemostasis: Observation<early recognition of shock without measuring blood pressure>
Pulse rate, skin findings,
Capillary refill time, consciousness
Blood pressure,
Monitoring ECG
Resuscitation
Compression hemostasis of external
bleeding
Secure an IV line (more than two)
Begin early infusion therapy
(1-2L、20ml/kg)
Evaluate the patient’s reaction to early infusion therapy
CIECER 27 C
Emergency
Three Actions to Perform:
ECG, echocardiography(or HIMAP)
Chest/abdominal CT at the start of SS
Measurement of cardiac enzymes (CK-MB, troponin) and D-dimer CIECER 28 Sudden chest/back pain,
Sudden abdominal /back pain, and shock: C
Emergency (the next action) In the case of a suspected acute aortic dissection/rupture of the thoracoabdominal aorta, consult a cardiovascular surgeon immediately.
In the case of a suspected myocardial infarction, consult a cardiologist
In the case of a suspected intraperitoneal bleeding , consult a surgeon or radiologist
CIECER 29 C
Emergency CNS Hemiparalysis
GCS≦8
GCS decrease ≧2
Anisocoria, signs of herniation
Seizure
Thunderclap headache CIECER 30 Three Actions to Perform:
ABC stabilization (including tracheal intubation)
Evaluate blood glucose and continue administration of anti-epileptic drugs.
Head CT at the start of SS
Emergency CNS (The next action) In the case of hypoglycemia:
After securing vascular access,
administer 50% glucose 40ml IV
In the case of cerebral hemorrhage or
subarachnoid hemorrhage,
consult a neurosurgeon
If the head CT reveals no remarkable abnormal findings, consult a neurologist and progress to NIHSS.
In the case of status epilepticus, continue the administration of anti-epileptic drugs. Prepare for tracheal intubation.
If any other cause of injury is conceivable, proceed to the Secondary Survey.
CIECER 31
Exposure and Temperature Management CIECER 32 Undress the patient (inspection of body surface)
Body temperature measurement
Retain warmth
Cover the body surface
Body (surface/core) warming Warmed IV fluids E Low body temperature leads to→ hemorrhagic state, metabolic acidosis, abnormalities in coagulation
AMPLE:Patient History A:Allergy
M:Medication
Current prescription(s)
Over-the-counter drugs
P:Past Medical History
Pregnancy
L:Last meal
E:Event : Mechanism of injury
Present medical history CIECER 33
Aim:- to identify and diagnose the injury that affects the whole body as a system.- to decide whether radical treatment is needed. When:
SS should be initiated upon the completion of the primary survey and resuscitation Key Elements:
Determine the mechanism of injury and medical history.
Evaluate the whole body.
Continue evaluating the vital signs and consciousness level
→when abnormalities are detected, reevaluate the vital signs and consciousness level
→Return to the ABCDE when any abnormalities are detected.
CIECER 34 Secondary survey
CIECER 38 Secondary Survey:Chest Look for lesions by questioning the patient, inspection, and palpation!!
- heartbeat,
- breathing sounds
- percussion, palpitation,
- left-right differences in chest movement
+Ultrasound examination
CIECER 39 Secondary Survey:Abdomen
Look for lesions by questioning the patient, inspection, palpation, and rectal examination!!
- abdominal inspection(flat, soft),
- muscle guarding,
- swelling of organs,
- abdominal distention, ascites, tenderness, recoil pain,
- pulsatile mass
+ Ultrasound examination Begin palpation from a location that is away from the painful region.
CIECER 40 Secondary Survey:Pelvis Look for lesions by questioning the patient, inspection, palpation, and rectal examination!!
- pelvic distress,
- tenderness, redness,
- swelling of inguinal region / scrotum
- rectal examination in the case of a suspected pelvic fracture / spinal cord injury Urinary catheter placement may be indicated.
CIECER 41 Secondary Survey: Bone & Skeletal Muscle edema, swelling, redness,
muscle strength
pain with movement
perception,
swelling of joints
ability to walk
CIECER 42 Secondary Survey: BackDo not forget the survey of the back! Log-roll method(injured side should be face-up) ●spinal cord injury
●back stab wound Contraindicated in the case of a suspected unstable pelvic fracture → flat lift Tapping pain,
redness, tenderness
Subsequent Secondary Surveys CIECER 44 Surveys:
Conduct multiple surveys to determine the possible differential diagnoses. (Document all evaluations / survey results on medical record.)
Diagnosis and Plan:
Document the preliminary diagnosis and treatment.
Document the plan of care (hospitalization, discharge outpatient care, etc.)
Important Considerations During Surveys and Treatment CIECER 45 Surveying the patient may exacerbate the patient’s condition:
During transport within the hospital
In the radiology room
→ reevaluate the ABCDE whenever the patient’s condition changes or worsens
Avoid fixating on certain test results or diagnoses that may cause a delay in the transfer of the patient to another facility or consultation with other specialists.